There should be a SecurityMockMvcResultMatchers.withAuthorities(String...) method which does not care about the GrantedAuthority implementation.
If the currently authenticated user has a custom GrantedAuthority implementation with the GrantedAuthority#getAuthority() of CUSTOM, then the following should work:
this.mockMvc.perform(formLogin().user("custom"))
.andExpect(authenticated().withAuthorities("CUSTOM"));